On 30 January - 7 February 2004, in Vientiane (People's Republic of
Democracy Laos) was held ASEAN Tourism Forum (ATF) 2004 with the theme
"ASEAN: the New Tourism Landscape". One of the things discussed and agreed
in the meeting is about ASEAN Heritage Cities of ideas about
establishment submitted by the delegation Thailand. Goal is establishment
create a relationship for the historic cities of Southeast Asia in both mainland
and islands.
DEVELOPMENT BERSEJARAH OLD CITY TOUR
On 30 January - 7 February 2004, in Vientiane (People's Republic of
Democracy Laos) was held ASEAN Tourism Forum (ATF) 2004 with the theme
"ASEAN: the New Tourism Landscape". One of the things discussed and agreed
in the meeting is about ASEAN Heritage Cities of ideas about
establishment submitted by the delegation Thailand. Goal is establishment
create a relationship for the historic cities of Southeast Asia in both mainland
and islands.
Details of the purpose of the establishment of ASEAN Heritage Cities include:
a. Menggalakan tourism cooperation among member countries history;
b. Tinggalan to encourage the management of historical and cultural past
better in each member country;
c. The history of ASEAN to promote tourism and encourage tourists to flow
ASEAN region;
d. Menggalakan relationship and understanding between the citizen and the ASEAN
give a picture to the world outside of ASEAN integration and
cultural diversity of ASEAN.
Goal on paper is very interesting, but its implementation in the field
I can not imagine success. Through this short any posts, I will
try to give ideas how to implement in the field with
take the example cases in Palembang, because:
a. Palembang is a city in Indonesia, which continues to grow and
birth recorded in an inscription is dated 16 June 682
Christian era.
b. Sriwijaya in the era, the city has a relationship of friendship with
Nālanda and Nagipattana, India (Prasasti Nālanda, 9th century BC, Prasasti
Kings I, 1044/1046 years BC), Sitammarat Nakhon, Thailand (Prasasti
Wiang Sa, 775 years BC), Kedah, Malaysia (Chinese news, I tsing century
to-7 BC), and Canton, China (Qing Tien Prasasti, the year 1079 BC).
c. At the time of Majapahit (15th century BC), Palembang related
with Malacca, Malaysia. Even the city Malaka associated
Parameswara with that derived from Bukit Siguntang, Palembang.
d. On-The Sultanate of Palembang Darussalam (17th century BC-19) there is
relationship of friendship with the Sultanate of Sulu in the Southern Philippines (Mindanau).
A source informs that the history of one of the
Sultan of Sulu are still relatives near Sultan Palembang Darussalam.
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1. The Old City Palembang
Indonesian or formerly known as "Nusantara" has a history of human dwelling long enough. Just call the island of Java by the internationally known as one of human origin with the ancient site Sangiran, Pacitan, and Wajak. Start Babakan history while Indonesia has already started on the 5-th century BC, that is in the Kutai (East Kalimantan) and Tarumanagara (West Java). Unfortunately, from the beginning of human civilization is not found the remnants huniannya, especially housing, which continues to develop into a city.
City growth is the result of a form of settlement. Not to develop a settlement into a city can depend on the keletakan settlements and natural resources that can support people in a dwelling. Indonesian have many of the old city which comes from simple residential level. However, not all can be developed rapidly into a major city. A course, for example, cities in the old Barus, Pidie, Jambi, Jakarta, Banten, Jakarta, Lasem, Tuban, Gresik, Surabaya, Makassar, Ternate, Tidore, and many more.
Among the older cities in the archipelago, Palembang is a city that has a unique old, as I have already utarakan in bagiam face. After dimukimi and built, Palembang growing from time to time until now. Various government silih change and build support in the city.
Palembang as a site of the city (urban site), of course, have the product architecture as a high civilization. View from the data writing (inscription and ancient script-script) and the data arkeologis up to us, the history of Palembang as a metropolitan city can be described chronologically as follows:
1. Phase I is the First Phase (682-1365) in which a city marked by the development wanua (= settlement) Sriwijaya on 16 June 682 BC by Dapunta Hiyaŋ proceed with the development Śrīksetra Park on 23 March 684 BC, and eventually expanding to the area of power various directions (Jambi, Bangka, and Lampung).
2. Phase II is the occupation phase (1365-1407) by Majapahit, or it can be said also Phase Status Quo's going on around the 14-th century BC. At this time of Palembang in the "not maintained" and there is no de jure sovereignty. News said that China at that time occupied by Palembang people of Nan-hai Liang crown with Tau-ming with her son as the supreme ruler.
3. Phase III is the Sultanate of Palembang First Phase (1407-1642). Began in 1407 when Mugni was a king in the title of Sultan of Palembang Palembang. In the year 1445 and then replaced by Mugni Aria Damar - a nobleman who embrace Islam Majapahit - become the ruler of Palembang after a change in name to Aria Dilah. At this time Palembang are still under the influence of Java (Demak and Mataram) until the year 1642. 2
4. Phase IV is a phase-Palembang Darussalam Sultanate (1643-1821) started from the government of Sri Susuhunan Abdurrahman (1643-1651), and ended the government of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II (1811-1821). At this phase, Palem-bang at the time of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I (1724-1758) the development of large-scale physical. Monumental building made at the palace was the epoch Kuto Tengkuruk, Mesjid Agung Palembang, The crater Tengkurep, and Benteng Kuto Besak.
5. Phase V is the phase occupation by the Dutch beginning with the fall of Benteng Koto Besak in the year 1821. This phase lasted until independence in 1945. At this time, the palace Kuto Tengkuruk trim with the land, and on the house was built runtuhannya Commissioner Netherlands. The building is now the Museum of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II.
Reconstruction Period Sriwijaya in Palembang, about a century to-7-9-Christian
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Sriwijaya period (680 years-an) from 1 Ilir in the east until Karanganyar village in the west, from the northern edge Musi Talang Kelapa Village to the north. Meanwhile, across Ulu area (south of Musi) not found arkeologis data from the Sriwijaya period. This means that the city of Palembang is still called kala Sriwijaya still occupy the area north of the river Musi.
Knowledgeable in the Palembang sultanate not much different from the Sriwijaya period. Only added a little area with the Ulu. However, the central government remain in the north Musi. Central government (sultan palace residence) moved. Starting from the 1 Ilir (palace Palembang LAMO, or Kuto wicket), 16 Ilir (palace Beringin beard), or Kuto Old Stone Kuto, and the last palace Kuto Besak. Kuto Besak built about 100 meters to the west palace Kuto Lama. Later royal palace remaining Palembang is a city palace Besak. At this time there is regulation of the city, such as a residence of foreigners in the area located opposite Ulu, around Plaju.
2. Palembang and Malacca
Arts-seems, from time to time Siguntang Hill * indeed have long recognized, as listed in the Sejarah Melayu written on 13 May 1612 BC.
"The country is Palembang, Palembang is now here. So in the upstream river Tatang that there is a river, a Malay name; in the river is a hill called Bukit Si Guntang; in the upper Mount Miru, in daratnya one called the Padang Penjaringan. So there are two women farming, Wan-seo Empo rang Wan Malini name and a name, and that both reside in Bukit Si Guntang that, humanya too broad, so too syahadan rice, can not be able to; was that the rice is almost cooked. "
That sepenggal sentences listed in the Sejarah Melayu. So it menceriterakan decrease being half of the god (the Siperba) to Bukit Siguntang and later down the kings Malay in Sumatra, West Kalimantan, and the Malay Peninsula Land. According to the Sejarah Melayu, Bukit Siguntang is Mount Mahameru as there are stories in the literature of Hindu and Buddhist religions.
"Past masyhurlah in the country that all children king king offspring Iskandar Dhu'lkarnain down to Bukit Guntang Si Maha Miru, then all the kings of all nege-ripun came to the king that sekaliannya with persembahannya".
* It is a small hill that high +26 meter dpl Hill is located approximately 5 km to the west from the city of Palembang. From this there is a small hill tinggalan cultural past form of a Buddha statue is approximately 4 meters high, the stone inscription, the building brick foundation, fraction, fraction tiles and pottery, and some other types of religious artefacts.
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Next Malay History decipher the Siperba travel to another place to cross over Sumatra Kalimantan.
"Once out of the Kuala Palembang, and sailed towards the south in six days six nights, falling to Tanjung Pura. But the King was out Tanjung Pura mengelu welcome all of the pomp and glory ... After Majapahit seem to, that the king came down from the hill Siguntang in Tanjung Pura, the Majapahit Batara departure would also meet with the Siperba ".
In the Sejarah Melayu, the mind can have three kings, that is a king who fell from Siguntang Hill, King of Tanjung Pura, and the King of Majapahit. Majapahit King said the noble king "But the time that the queen is the king of Majapahit, again very noble. Likewise terhormatnya king of Majapahit and the Siperba, the king of the hill down from Siguntang, marry a daughter to the king of Majapahit. Meanwhile one of the children Siperba, the Maniaka, is integrated with the child's Tanjung Pura king and became king in Tanjung Pura. Descended from the Siperba is that Parameswara and the way forward to the Malay Peninsula Land.
Bukit Siguntang by some people in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, is considered holy because it is a "punden" is the Malay. According to the Book of History of Literature, the King, who ruled in the Malacca said as descended from the Siperba, being half-god who came down the hill Siguntang. Therefore, the Malay of Malacca who visit Palembang, less complete if it does not pay a visit to Bukit Siguntang.
Strong "belief" of the story is to encourage Malay History Malacca Governor for doing napak tilas travel Parameswara, from the build up to the Siperba Sultanate of Malacca on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Travel napak tilas using the ship to make this kind of pilgrimage tour with the aim Siguntang Hill.
If the associated between Palembang and Malacca, and emotionally bound (pendu-kerchief) Palembang and Malacca, this situation will benefit us. People Malacca, at least the Malay nobility to its future to do perja-lanan pilgrimage to Palembang. Sepengetahuan me at a certain time in each year of their entourage came to Palembang.
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3. Palembang Darussalam -
Palembang ruler, known as The Modern Malay is Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I or known by the name of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin Jayo Wikramo who ruled in the years 1724-1758. During the reign of Sultan is a lot to the development of the city, including The Lemabang or also known by the name of craters Tengkurep (1728), Kuto Stone (Kuto LAMO, 29 September 1737), Great Mosque (26 May 1748), and canal-canal (canal ) around the city of Palembang. Perhaps say Sultan also initiated the development Benteng Kuto Besak. In addition, he also developed a tin mine in the trade and managing the system to be more profitable over.
Map Regions core palace made by Mayor William Thorn year 1811.
Royal palace area of the core-Palembang Darussalam at the time of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin I extent of 50 hectares with boundary on the north side of River Kapuran, in the east is bordered by River Tengkuruk (now Jl. Soedirman General), in the south is bordered by River Musi, and in the west is bordered by River Sekanak. Initially, in the area of land that the width is about 50 hectares, there are only buildings (Benteng) Kuto Stone or Kuto Tengkuruk Great Mosque and building a tower with a domed roof.
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Palembang war years between 1819 and 1821 Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II and the Netherlands, not only eliminate the institution but also destroyed the sultanate palace building Kuto Tengkuruk. At the top of the rubble, building rubble used Kuto Tengkuruk built a magnificent house for the residence of Resident Palembang, van Sevenhoven (1825). This building now serves as the Museum of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II.
In the core areas palace, the government Gemeente Palembang (early 20th century) made some of the fruit until it is still standing strong. Buildings, among other Water Tower (now Kantor Walikota Palembang), and Musi Hotel. At this time also that there are few rivers in the area have changed the core functions. Tengkuruk River on the east Kuto Tengkuruk ditimbun to the road that is now Jl. Jendral Soedirman. River on the north Kuto Besak / Water Tower ditimbun become Jl. Merdeka.
Photo Air Regions core palace Palembang (right) and Regions Elite Gemeente Palembang (middle), 1972
4. Advice
City Palembang has been recognized by the international world, at least dike-nal by scientists engaged in the field of history and archeology. Palembang old city known as the closely related with the existence of the Sriwijaya Kingdom. Therefore, in the regional Southeast Asia, Sriwijaya want to talk about would not also have to talk about Palembang, Kedah, Nakhon Sitammarat, China, and India.
Based on consideration of historical background and many multiformity ting galan-cultural past in Palembang, the management of cultural resources, and local attractions (especially the history of tourism and pilgrimage tours), through any posts short I propose this:
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a. Developing cultural tourism region of Palembang in accordance with the rule-principle pemintakatan (zoning) of heritage as stipulated by the authorities. It is recommended that the area can be a historical old town core area is on the palace that the width of 50 ha.
b. Monitoring physical development of the city with good cultural attention tinggalan on the ground and in the surface soil, and provide asistensi on development activities related to the heritage items. Moreover, the current Government City Palembang are zealous to physical development. An old building, former residence of the Resident of Palembang has been demolished to build the Museum Textiles (Kompas, 11 and 14 October 2005, hlm. 12). This building built in 1883, before the government Gemeente Palembang.
c. Do pembenahan for hygiene and security environment in the vicinity of cultural tourism with the environment related institutions in the Provincial Government and City Government. Palembang factor for security is very important to be addressed, as many crime-prone places.
d. Make planning a cooked with a clear concept about as Heritage City Palembang.
e. In an effort to promote tourism cooperation between the history of ASEAN countries, emphasized the need to campaign on the historic relationship between Jakarta and other places which have historical links, eg, its between Palembang and Malacca. In general, the other cities in Indonesia that will be Heritage City should have a relationship with an kesejarah-Heritage City in the other regions, Southeast Asia (China, Japan and South Korea).
f. In an effort to promote integration and cultural diversity of ASEAN, some of the material culture (Material Culture) Palembang get foreign influence, for example, the influence of Chinese art that is reflected in the making of handicrafts and weaving lakuer songkets, should be promoted to the world.
Bambang Budi Utomo
Junior clerk in the
Puslitbang National Archeology